| 摘要: |
| 为明确中国春节期间大气污染物“春节效应”时空变化特征及其原因，利用2014年春节期间（2014-01-17—2014-02-14）31个城市（22个省会、5个自治区首府、4个直辖市，不含港澳台地区）大气PM2.5、NO2和SO2浓度监测数据，并结合相应时段的气象数据，分析这三种大气污染物时空分布特征及其与气象要素的关系。结果表明：PM2.5和SO2受除夕夜燃放烟花爆竹影响较大（受影响的城市分别占66%和58%），而NO2表现不明显（受影响的城市只占16%）。此外，春节中期大部分城市三种大气污染物的浓度都比春节前期低，而与春节后期差异不明显。从空间来看，南方城市三种大气污染物浓度在春节中期与春节前期差异比北方城市大。气象要素对不同城市各大气污染物浓度变化影响不同。总体而言，“春节效应”在全国各大城市间存在明显的时空差异。 |
| 关键词: 春节效应 PM2.5 大气污染 燃放爆竹 时空变化 |
| DOI：10.7515/JEE202025 |
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| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目（41807431）；中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目（GK201903086） |
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| Spatial and temporal analysis of the “Spring Festival effect” on air pollutants in 31 cities of China |
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DENG Xiangwen, ZENG Xiaomin
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School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
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| Abstract: |
| Background, aim, and scope With the intensification of industrialization and urbanization in modern society, human awareness of environmental protection is increasing, and sustainable development has become the theme of the development of the world. However, setting off fireworks, a traditional custom during the Spring Festival will release large amounts of particles, heavy metals, and toxic organic matter, leading to a rapid deterioration of air quality in a short period of time. Meanwhile, as a traditional Chinese festival, the Spring Festival is also the main time for population migration and diffusion in China. At this point, the air quality in most cities tends to be good as businesses shut down, vehicles drop sharply and construction sites stop. The superimposed effect of the above two factors makes the change of atmospheric pollutant concentration in spring a particularity, which is defined as “Spring Festival effect”. This study is designed to investigate spatial and temporal characteristics of air pollution in Chinese cities during the Spring Festival, so as to provide a reference for government regulators to carry out joint prevention and control of air pollution. Materials and methods This study mainly used daily monitoring data of main atmospheric pollutants (PM2.5, NO2 and SO2) from 270 automatic monitoring stations in 31 cities of China in 2014. The daily resolution meteorological data (temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and wind speed) of corresponding cities were obtained from China meteorological data network from January 17, 2014 to February 14, 2014. With the method of “extreme value”, the Cropper value of air pollutants in each city was calculated on the first day of the first lunar month to assess the impact of firecracker discharge on air pollution. We apply the ANOVA method to analyze whether there were significant differences in the concentrations of the three kinds of air pollutant during the pre-Spring Festival, the mid-Spring Festival (February 2 to February 5, excluding the period from January 30 to February 1 which is most affected the setting off of fireworks) and the post-Spring Festival. (February 6 to February 14). Pearson correlation coefficient method is used to calculate the relationship between three atmospheric pollutants and temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and wind speed. Results Results showed that the setting off of fireworks on New Year’s Eve had a significant impact on the variation of PM2.5 and SO2, affecting 66% and 58% of the cities respectively but had a smaller impact on the variation of NO2, affecting only 16% of the cities. The ANOVA test indicated that the mean concentration of three major atmospheric pollutants in the mid-Spring Festival was lower than that in the pre-Spring Festival for most cities, but had no significant difference with that in the post-Spring Festival. The variation of NO2 concentration in most cities (94% of 31 cities) was significantly different between the pre-Spring Festival and the mid-Spring Festival cities. The effects of meteorological factors on air pollutants varied with different cities. In general, wind speed and precipitation were negatively correlated with concentrations of three atmospheric pollutants, while temperature was positively correlated with PM2.5, but not significantly correlated with NO2 and SO2. On the first day of the first lunar month, humidity has a great influence on the diffusion of pollutants which caused by fireworks. Discussion The three major atmospheric pollutants showed a downward trend, possibly because factories emitted more pollutants in normal days than the setting off of fireworks during the Spring Festival. The operation and shutdown of the factory had a significant influence on the variation of NO2 concentration. The main reason for the variation of air pollutant concentration during the Spring Festival may be related to social activities (such as factory opening and heating) and social factors and meteorological factors are the main factors affecting the air variation during the Spring Festival. Meteorological factors, although they did have an impact on air quality, are not as influential as social factors. The social factors mainly include factory activity and winter heating. Conclusions At the beginning of the first lunar month, the contribution of fireworks to air pollution was mainly reflected in PM2.5 and SO2. The difference in the concentration of three atmospheric pollutants between pre-Spring Festival and the mid-spring festival in northern cities was smaller than that in southern cities. Overall, the “Spring Festival effect” had spatial and temporal differences among 31 cities in China during the Spring Festival of 2014. Recommendations and perspectives Attention should be paid to the control of pollutant emissions from factories, as well as to the heating methods and source control of heating areas in the north. |
| Key words: “Spring Festival effect” PM2.5 air pollutants setting off firecrackers temporal and spatial variation |
