| 引用本文: | 姜柳，高琴，王震宇，赵宇蕾，张超锋，黄宇.2022.有机阳离子型电荷杀菌材料研究现状及展望[J].地球环境学报,13(6):679-701 |
| JIANG Liu, GAO Qin, WANG Zhenyu, ZHAO Yulei, ZHANG Chaofeng, HUANG Yu.2022.Research status and prospect of organic cationic charge antibacterial materials[J].Journal of Earth Environment,13(6):679-701 |
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| 有机阳离子型电荷杀菌材料研究现状及展望 |
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姜柳，高琴，王震宇，赵宇蕾，张超锋，黄宇
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1.中国科学院地球环境研究所 中国科学院气溶胶化学与物理重点实验室，西安 710061
2.西安地球环境创新研究院，西安 710061
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| 摘要: |
| 细菌等致病微生物可通过空气、水、土壤、食物等途径在自然界中传播，易对人体造成诸如肺结核、淋病、鼠疫等健康风险。目前广泛使用的灭菌方式包括紫外线、臭氧、氯气、电荷等物理或化学方法，其中电荷杀菌因具有无组织毒性的优点被广泛使用。研究表明：有机阳离子型电荷杀菌材料相比传统的金属离子杀菌材料具有抗菌效能优异、不产生耐药性、生物安全性高等优点，其杀菌性能受分子大小、烷基链、反离子类型、电荷密度等因素影响。本文系统综述了目前有机阳离子型电荷杀菌材料的类型、结构特征、杀菌性能及影响因素，抗菌机理及应用现状，分析了其存在的问题和发展方向，为有机阳离子型电荷杀菌材料的后续研究和应用提供一定的借鉴和指导。 |
| 关键词: 有机阳离子 电荷 抗菌材料 抗菌机理 |
| DOI：10.7515/JEE221004 |
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| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目（2017YFC0212200） |
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| Research status and prospect of organic cationic charge antibacterial materials |
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JIANG Liu, GAO Qin, WANG Zhenyu, ZHAO Yulei, ZHANG Chaofeng, HUANG Yu
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1. Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
2. Xi’an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi’an 710061, China
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| Abstract: |
| Background, aim, and scope The infection of bacteria and other pathogenic microorganisms is a major issue in the world at present and in the near future. In order to protect people’s life and health from these bacterial pathogens, research on antibacterial materials and products have been increasingly focused. Especially the outbreak of COVID-19 at the end of 2019 makes people realize the urgency. The traditional antibacterial material is metal ion antibacterial agent represented by Ag+, which has good bactericidal effect. However, its shortcomings are increasingly prominent, such as tissue toxicity, poor long-term antibacterial performance, increasing immune response and microbial resistance. Recently, organic cationic materials as a new type of antibacterial materials, their cationic groups with positive charges can interact with negatively charged bacteria via electrostatic interaction, which leads to the immobilization of bacteria, destruction of cell membrane and death of bacteria. Therefore, organic cationic antibacterial materials have been widely developed based on the charge action mechanism of inhibiting bacterial metabolism, preventing the occurrence of drug resistance and no physiological toxicity to normal tissues and cells. This paper intends to summarize the types, structural characteristics, bactericidal properties, influencing factors, antibacterial mechanism and application status of the current organic cationic charge antibacterial materials, and analyze their existing problems and development direction, in order to provide some reference and guidance for the follow-up research and application of organic cationic charge antibacterial materials. Materials and methods This review focused on the following aspects: (1) the molecular characteristics, chemical properties, bactericidal effect and influencing factors of organic cationic antibacterial materials; (2) the antibacterial mechanism; (3) the applications of organic cationic antibacterial materials; (4) suggestions and prospects for the existing problems of organic cationic antibacterial materials. Results Firstly, the organic cationic antibacterial materials can be divided into small molecular type and macromolecule type, according to the different molecular size. The small molecular type includes quaternary ammonium salts, quaternary phosphonium salts and guanidine salts; the macromolecule type includes chitosan, poly(quaternary ammonium salt), poly(quaternary phosphonium salt), poly(guanidine salt). The molecular characteristics, chemical properties, antibacterial effect and influencing factors of each kind of materials were summarized. The properties of small molecular organic cationic antibacterial materials are mainly affected by alkyl substituents and counterion types, while the properties of macromolecular materials are affected by molecular weight, positive charge density, counterion types and alkyl substituents. Generally speaking, with the increase of molecular weight, the cationic groups and positive charge density of macromolecular organic cationic materials increase. High positive charge density is helpful for the material to adsorb bacteria and combine with cell membrane. Macromolecular type materials have the advantages of stable physical and chemical properties, non-volatile, long lifespan, easy processing and storage, but the antibacterial timeliness is reduced compared with the small molecular type. Secondly, the antibacterial mechanism of organic cationic antibacterial materials was summarized. The antibacterial function is achieved by the positive charged groups. The strong electrostatic interaction between materials and cell membrane restrains the free movement of bacteria, inhibit the metabolism and respiration, and further damage the integrity of cell membrane, resulting in “contact death” of the bacteria. The mode of interaction between materials and bacteria is the destruction of cell wall/cell membrane system by electric charge, or the disruption of proteins, genetic materials or other active substances in bacteria. Finally, the application status of organic cationic antibacterial materials was summarized. Organic cationic antibacterial materials have been applied in different fields, including antibacterial fiber textiles, daily chemical products and biomedicine. Discussion The research and development of organic cationic antibacterial materials focuses on improving the stability, antibacterial properties and biosafety through different modification methods. At the same time, the physical and chemical properties of the antibacterial materials should be optimized according to its action environment. The research of antibacterial mechanism should be more in-depth, and the mechanism of damage and destruction to the specific life structure of microorganisms when materials interact with microorganisms should be explored at the molecular level, as well as the toxicological effect of materials on other biological molecules should also be concerned. The emphasis of antibacterial materials application in different fields should differ. In the field of fiber textile and daily chemical products, the antibacterial materials should be insoluble, high temperature resistance, good durability and high biological safety. However, in the biomedicine field, more attention should be paid to the high biosafety antibacterial materials in vivo and in vitro, such as blood compatibility and histocompatibility. Conclusions Organic cationic charge antibacterial material has the advantages of good antibacterial effect and high biocompatibility. It overcomes the disadvantages of traditional antibacterial materials and shows extensive application prospects. Recommendations and perspectives The future research on organic cationic antibacterial materials will focus on the following aspects: in-depth study of antibacterial mechanism and toxicology of materials; development of composite intelligent antibacterial materials; design and development of antibacterial materials with simple synthesis process, low cost, diversified functions and reusable. |
| Key words: organic cationic charge antibacterial materials antibacterial mechanism |
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