| 引用本文: | 杨利霞，李颖，刘靖祎，梁艳萍，张星楠.2022.我国冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染现状与风险评价[J].地球环境学报,13(5):618-630 |
| YANG Lixia, LI Ying, LIU Jingyi, LIANG Yanping, ZHANG Xingnan.2022.Current status and risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in China’s smelters and surrounding soils[J].Journal of Earth Environment,13(5):618-630 |
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| 我国冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染现状与风险评价 |
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杨利霞，李颖，刘靖祎，梁艳萍，张星楠
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中北大学 环境与安全工程学院，太原 030051
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| 摘要: |
| 有色金属冶炼是土壤严重污染的主要原因之一，对土壤生态及人体健康产生了潜在的不利影响。为研究我国各冶炼场地土壤重金属污染现状，通过查阅国内外相关文献（2001—2021），收集国内各个地区冶炼场地的最新污染数据，运用内梅罗综合污染指数，地质累积指数法及人体健康风险评价，对我国冶炼厂土壤重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As、Ni）的污染现状进行了综合评价。结果表明：除Cr外，冶炼厂周边土壤中其余重金属的总平均浓度均超过相应的风险筛选值，其中Cd和Pb的超标倍数为109.29、20.43，严重超标且污染严重地区主要分布在福建、广西、贵州、湖南等省区。健康风险评价结果表明：Pb与As均对儿童具有较高的致癌和非致癌风险，且南方大部分地区和辽宁省的健康风险高于北部和西北部，应当引起重视。 |
| 关键词: 冶炼厂 重金属 土壤污染 健康风险评估 |
| DOI：10.7515/JEE222002 |
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| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目（2018YFC1801105，2018YFC1801104） |
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| Current status and risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in China’s smelters and surrounding soils |
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YANG Lixia, LI Ying, LIU Jingyi, LIANG Yanping, ZHANG Xingnan
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School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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| Abstract: |
| Background, aim, and scope At present, China is the world’s largest producer and consumer of non-ferrous metals. With the rapid development of productivity, heavy metals such as Pb, Zn and Cd emitted from smelters enter the environment, significantly threatening the food safety, human health and soil. Therefore, ecological and health risks evaluation has been adopted in this paper by summarizing the data about soil heavy metals of domestic smelting mills, achieving a comprehensive assessment of soil heavy metal pollution in China’s smelter soil, which helps smelter pollution offices to develop reasonable management and repair techniques, so as to provide some meaningful guidance for the control of environmental pollution, and will promote smelting plants to succeed in reducing pollution emissions. Materials and Methods By referring to relevant domestic and foreign literatures (2001—2021) from major literature databases such as Web of Science and CNKI’s literature database, “smelting, soil, heavy metals” were adopted as the key words, to download and sort the literature, and collect the latest pollution data (maximum, minimum, average, etc.) of soil heavy metals in smelting sites in various regions across China. The pollution status of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, As, Ni) in the soil of smelters nationwide was comprehensively evaluated by using Nemerow comprehensive pollution index, geoaccumulation index method and human health risk assessment. Results Average concentrations of heavy metals in soil around a smelter (mg·kg−1) except Cr are 8.04, 13.07, 20.43, 109.29, 3.21, 9.85, and 1.20 times the corresponding screened values of each metal in the “GB 15618—2018, soil environment quality risk control standard for soil contamination of agriculture land”. Among them, the excess multiples of Cd and Pb significantly exceeded the corresponding screened values of the Chinese soil, and the pollution was extremely serious. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index implies that the average comprehensive pollution index of smelters nationwide is 76.07 and the pollution is severe. Among the smelters of the four smelting types, the Pb and Zn smelters have the highest comprehensive pollution index, reaching 104.35, which are heavily polluted. The geoaccumulation index method indicates that the heavy metals Pb and Cd are most intensive around smelters, and are the major pollutants. Pollution occurs and is mainly concentrated in Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan, Liaoning and other provinces. The human health risk index method suggests that heavy metals near smelters will cause non-carcinogenic risks to the population, and the total non-carcinogenic risk HI to children is conspicuously higher than that to adults. The non-carcinogenic contribution rates of elements Pb and As are largest, among which As has the highest non-carcinogenic risk to children and has a more serious impact. Discussion The above is the distribution status of heavy metals in smelter soils across China. There is an obvious imbalance in the discharge of Cd and Pb in the country. The highest and second-highest regions in terms of the discharge are in the southwest China, such as Hunan, Yunnan, Guizhou provinces. Differences in soil parent materials and background values in different regions are the initial reasons to vary the spatial distribution of soil heavy metal contents in the country. Besides, due to differences in the development of regional economy, as well as development models and industrial types in different regions, the later spatial accumulation of soil heavy metal contents varies, leading to the different spatial distribution of soil heavy metal contents. The increase of heavy metal contents in soil is mainly caused by the influence of smelting activities, such as the heavy industry or the development of mining areas, which will cause a large number of heavy metals to flow into the surface soil, resulting in a sharp increase in the contents of heavy metals in the soil in this area. For example, the distribution of Cd reaches its highest point in several regions, indicating that the impact of human activities is serious. Distribution of Cd in Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu and Liaoning provinces reaches its highest point, resulting in an increase in the average content of Cd in these provinces. Liaoning has been a heavy industry base and a large province of steel production in China since the reform. The influence of heavy industry mainly causes heavy metal pollution in its soil. The distribution of the high value of soil heavy metals in southwest China is not only due to its original distribution of high background value, but also due to the development of the heavy industry and human activities in southern China, such as Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong and Guangxi provinces or autonomous regions. Conclusions Based on the results of pollution and health risk assessment, the soil around smelters is obviously and severely polluted by heavy metals discharged from smelting activities. The contents of heavy metals in different regions are differently concentrated. Cd has the highest concentration, followed by Pb, and Liaoning has the most Cd beyond the background value, while the concentration of Pb reaches its highest point in Guangxi. Overall, the soil with heavy metals of their highest concentrations is located in southwest China, followed by Guangdong, Guangxi and Liaoning. In addition, heavy metal contaminated soil continues to bring cancerous and non-carcinogenic risks to the public, especially children and those who live in heavily polluted areas. In this review, quantitative evidence was provided to propose the urgent need to strengthen the smelting regulations, so as to protect the Chinese residents from the environmental impact of heavy metal emissions. Recommendations and perspectives In China, more and more small smelting companies have caused serious pollution to the environment. The Chinese government has introduced a series of environmentally friendly policies, successfully reduced the emissions of heavy metals in nonferrous smelting industries, but also increased the investment in programs on the development of soil repair and advanced repair techniques, thus accelerating the repair of smelters’ soil in China. Besides, it is recommended to strengthen the investigation and research on human exposure parameters and toxic data in the health risk assessment model, which will provide risk data that are more suitable to local actual conditions in different regions and places. |
| Key words: smelter heavy metal soil pollution health risk assessment |
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