| 引用本文: | 董佳佳,彭元哲,芦永秀,李刚,马敏敏.2026.中国弧地区新石器至早期铁器时代人类活动的时空模式及影响因素研究[J].地球环境学报,17(4):949-975 |
| DONG Jiajia,PENG Yuanzhe,LU Yongxiu,LI Gang,MA Minmin.2026.Spatio-temporal pattern of human activities and their influencing factors in China’s Arc from the Neolithic to the Early Iron Age[J].Journal of Earth Environment,17(4):949-975 |
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| 摘要: |
| 中国弧地区是史前长距离文化交流的关键地带，也是理解早期中华文明多元互动过程的重要区域，但目前对该地区不同文化区人类活动强度和生业模式时空差异的综合认识仍显不足。文章在已有研究基础上，系统汇总中国弧地区东北文化区、北方文化区、甘青文化区和西南文化区新石器至早期铁器时代考古遗址的碳十四测年、动植物考古和碳氮稳定同位素数据，并结合不同区域高分辨率气候记录，探讨了中国弧地区史前人类活动和生业模式的时空变化及其影响因素。结果显示，中国弧地区人类活动强度和生业模式具有明显的阶段性和区域差异。10000—7000 a BP，人类活动整体较弱，主要集中于少数适宜定居区域；7000—5000 a BP以后，东北文化区、北方文化区和甘青文化区新石器文化逐渐发展，粟黍农业开始发挥作用；5000—3600 a BP，中国弧中部地区人类活动明显增强，粟作农业进一步发展，并逐渐向青藏高原东北部和西南地区扩散；3600 a BP以后，小麦、大麦以及牛、羊、马等外来作物和家畜的重要性不断提高，生业模式由以粟黍农业和狩猎采集为主，逐渐转向农牧混合、稻粟麦并存和多元化资源利用。总体来看，新石器时代区域环境差异和气候变化对人类活动强度及粟黍农业发展影响较大；青铜时代至早期铁器时代，跨区域文化交流、人群迁徙和农业技术革新推动了生业模式多元化，并增强了人群适应气候环境变化的能力；东周时期，地缘政治和社会因素对北方文化区和西南文化区人类活动的影响进一步增强。未来仍需加强川西高原、横断山区、东北文化区北部等资料薄弱区的考古工作，并通过标准化数据库和多学科定量分析，进一步揭示中国弧地区史前人地关系演变机制。 |
| 关键词: 中国弧 新石器至早期铁器时代 人类活动 生业模式 人地关系 |
| DOI：10.7515/JEE2024202 |
| CSTR：32259.14.JEE2024202 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目（42271160，41871076） |
| 英文基金项目: |
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| Spatio-temporal pattern of human activities and their influencing factors in China’s Arc from the Neolithic to the Early Iron Age |
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DONG Jiajia1，2，PENG Yuanzhe2，LU Yongxiu2，LI Gang2，MA Minmin2
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1.Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disasters Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013 , China ；2.Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems, Ministry of Education, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000 , China
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| Abstract: |
| Background, aim, and scope China’s Arc represents a key region for long-distance cultural exchange in prehistoric Eurasia and provides an important perspective for understanding the formation of early Chinese civilization. However, the spatio-temporal differences in human activities and subsistence strategies among different cultural regions of China’s Arc remain insufficiently understood. Materials and methods Based on previously published datasets and newly compiled archaeological evidence, this study systematically summarizes radiocarbon dates, archaeobotanical remains, zooarchaeological records, and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope data from archaeological sites in the Northeastern, Northern, Gan-Qing, and Southwestern cultural regions of China’s Arc (24°00′—50°03′N and 94°46′—130°04′E). In total, 1666 reliable radiocarbon dates from 470 sites, 808786 charred crop remains from 273 sites, 102400 identifiable animal specimens from 101 sites, and 1344 carbon and nitrogen isotope data from humans, pigs, and dogs from 79 sites were collected. These data were further compared with representative high-resolution climate records from different regions. Results The results show that the intensity of human activities and the trajectory of subsistence strategies in China’s Arc varied substantially across both time and space. During 10000—7000 a BP, human activities were generally weak and mainly concentrated in a few environmentally suitable areas. After 7000—5000 a BP, Neolithic cultures gradually developed in the Northeastern, Northern, and Gan-Qing cultural regions, and millet agriculture began to play an increasingly important role. During 5000—3600 a BP, human activities intensified in the central part of China’s Arc, while millet agriculture further developed and gradually expanded toward the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and Southwestern China. After 3600 a BP, the importance of introduced crops and livestock, including wheat, barley, cattle, sheep/goats, and horses, increased markedly, and subsistence strategies shifted from millet agriculture combined with hunting and gathering toward mixed farming-pastoralism, rice-millet-wheat agriculture, and diversified resource use. Discussion Regional environmental differences and climate change were important factors affecting human activity intensity and the development of millet agriculture during the Neolithic period. From the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, cross-regional cultural exchange, population movements, and agricultural innovations promoted the diversification of subsistence strategies and enhanced human adaptability to climatic and environmental changes. During the Eastern Zhou period, geopolitical and social factors further influenced human activities, especially in the Northern and Southwestern cultural regions. Conclusions Human activities and subsistence strategies in China’s Arc showed obvious spatial and temporal differences from the Neolithic to the Early Iron Age. Human activities were generally weak during 10000—7000 a BP, gradually intensified after 7000—5000 a BP, and became increasingly diversified after 3600 a BP. The subsistence strategies changed from millet agriculture combined with hunting-gathering to mixed farming-pastoralism, rice-millet-wheat agriculture, and diversified subsistence strategies. These changes reflect the long-term interaction among natural environments, climate change, cultural exchange, and social development in different cultural regions. Recommendations and perspectives Future research should strengthen archaeological surveys, excavations, and direct dating in poorly investigated areas, such as the western Sichuan Plateau, Hengduan Mountains, and the northern part of the Northeastern cultural region. More standardized databases and multidisciplinary quantitative analyses are also needed to further clarify the mechanisms of prehistoric human-environment interactions in China’s Arc. |
| Key words: China’s Arc Neolithic to Early Iron Age human activities subsistence strategy human-environment interactions |
