| 引用本文: | 吴 立，朱 诚，李 冰，李 枫，孙 伟，
王晓翠，刘 辉，孟华平，孙 珏.2016.江汉平原石家河谭家岭遗址新石器时代环境考古[J].地球环境学报,(2):140-152 |
| WU Li, ZHU Cheng, LI Bing, LI Feng, SUN Wei, WANG Xiaocui,
LIU Hui, MENG Huaping, SUN Jue.2016.Environmental archaeology of the Tanjialing Neolithic Site in the Shijiahe Ancient City, the Jianghan Plain of Central China[J].Journal of Earth Environment,(2):140-152 |
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| 江汉平原石家河谭家岭遗址新石器时代环境考古 |
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吴 立，朱 诚，李 冰，李 枫，孙 伟，
王晓翠，刘 辉，孟华平，孙 珏1,2,3,4,5,6
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1. 安徽师范大学 国土资源与旅游学院，安徽自然灾害过程与防控研究省级实验室，芜湖 241002;2. 中国科学院地球环境研究所 黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室，西安 710061;3. 南京大学 地理与海洋科学学院，南京 210023;4. 河北师范大学 资源与环境科学学院，石家庄 050024;5. 中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所 湖泊与环境国家重点实验室，南京 210008;6.6. 湖北省文物考古研究所，武汉 430077
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| 摘要: |
| 通过对位于江汉平原北部石家河古城内谭家岭遗址地层孢粉、碳氮地球化学和磁化率代用指标的综合分析表明，石家河文化早期（4.6 — 4.4 ka BP），孢粉浓度较高且种类多，特别是喜暖湿的孢粉科属含量较大，植被覆盖较好，说明遗址及周边地区受人类活动干扰较少；TOC、TN和C/N偏高，δ13Corg偏低，表明当时以C3植物为主，气候较为温暖湿润；该时期遗址区域可能积水较多，磁化率值总体较低，发生过水域面积增大但持续时间不长的变化，石家河古城在防御洪水及外敌入侵方面发挥了较大作用。石家河文化中晚期（4.4 — 4.0 ka BP），孢粉种类和浓度减小，TOC、TN和C/N也持续减小，δ13Corg则偏高，气候凉干，降水减少，遗址区域积水减少并逐渐演变成古人的居住用地，受人类活动影响磁化率值明显增高；由于河湖、地下水位下降，石家河古城防御洪水与外侵的功能消失并逐渐废弃。4.2 ka BP前后气候持续凉干，极端灾害事件频繁发生，影响了当地农业和渔猎业的发展，使得石家河文化发展停滞，这是导致本区石家河文化衰落的重要环境因素。
关键词：江汉平原；谭家岭遗址；石家河文化；环境考古 |
| 关键词: 江汉平原 谭家岭遗址 石家河文化 环境考古 |
| DOI：10.7515/JEE201602004 |
| CSTR：32259.14.JEE201602004 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:中国科学院地球环境研究所黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室开放基金项目（SKLLQG1422）；国家自然科
?????学基金项目（41401216，41571179）；国家科技支撑计划项目（2013BAK08B02）；安徽师范大学科研培育基
?????金项目（2014glkypy05，2014rcpy13） |
| 英文基金项目:Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS
???????????????(SKLLQG1422); National Natural Science Foundation of China (41401216, 41571179); National Key Technology
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????R&D Program of China (2013BAK08B02); Scientific Research Cultivating Foundation of Anhui Normal?University
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????(2014glkypy05, 2014rcpy13) |
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| Environmental archaeology of the Tanjialing Neolithic Site in the Shijiahe Ancient City, the Jianghan Plain of Central China |
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WU Li, ZHU Cheng, LI Bing, LI Feng, SUN Wei, WANG Xiaocui,
LIU Hui, MENG Huaping, SUN Jue1,2,3,4,5,6
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1. Anhui Key Laboratory of Natural Disaster Process and Prevention, College of Territorial Resources and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China;3. School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;4. College of Resources and Environment Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China;5. State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;6.6. Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Wuhan 430077, China
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| Abstract: |
| Background, aim, and scope The middle Yangtze River basin is a developing and flourishing area of the Neolithic cultures, as revealed by abundant archaeological sites in the Jianghan Plain. The Shijiahe Culture is representative of an advanced stage in the Neolithic Age, and archaeological remains reflect the features of native culture in the Jianghan Plain. The Shijiahe Culture fully flourished in its early and middle stages, but it deteriorated around 4.2 ka BP. Some topics of the cause of this cultural deterioration such as the war, disaster, climatic events, southward migration, and abandonment of the ancient city are still under debate. Also, no systematic analysis was conducted throughout the method of archaeological stratigraphy. Therefore, the Tanjialing Neolithic Site during the Shijiahe cultural period provides a good opportunity and material to examine the relationship between anthropogenic impact and environmental dynamics by palynomorph-TOC-TN-δ13Corg-magnetic susceptibility analysis, owing to its well chronological control, rich organic sediment, and unique archaeological findings. This study is highly necessary to better understand interaction between human and nature in this special historical period. Materials and methods The Shijiahe ancient city is located in the northwest of Shihe Town, Tianmen City, Hubei Province, and geographically lies in the north-central Jianghan Plain. The terrain is higher in the northwest, and the elevation is 33 — 40 m above sea level. The Tanjialing Neolithic Site is situated in the center of Shijiahe ancient city. An archaeological sedimentary profile, in the south wall of T0620 from the site, was examined for pollen, TOC, TN, δ13Corg and magnetic susceptibility. The profile is 330 cm in thickness and divided into 9 lithological horizons. 28 samples were collected in the 9th layer, 22 samples in the cultural layers for palynological analysis, and 97 samples for TOC, TN, δ13Corg and magnetic susceptibility analysis. The date of the whole profile was determined by the feature of unearthed artifacts in T0620, combined with six 14C dates from cultural layers of the Tanjialing Site and other sites which are in the near. The charcoal sample at the depth of 180 cm in the Tanjialing Site was submitted for AMS14C dating at the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University. Results The culture layers of the T0620 profile from the Tanjialing Neolithic Site provide detailed pollen, TOC, TN, δ13Corg and magnetic susceptibility records of the vegetation history, climate change and human activity in the Jianghan Plain. The results showed that, during the early period of Shijiahe Culture (4.6 — 4.4 ka BP), the pollen concentration was high, especially for a majority of hygrophilous plants, and the vegetation coverage was good, indicating the site and the surrounding area were little suffered from human disturbance. The pollen assemblages showed large concentrations of Quercus E, Pinus, Gramineae, Artemisia, Ulmaceae, Leguminosae and Euphorbiaceae. The area witnessed a short-term expansion of water regime in this period, indicated by the abrupt change of proxies in Pollen Zone Ⅰ-2. TOC, TN, C/N and δ13Corg content indicate the thrive vegetation and C3 plants occupied most parts around the study area, suggesting the warm and humid climate condition. The site can be wetland with lower magnetic susceptibility, and the ancient city plays an important role in the flood defense and invasion. In the mid-late period of Shijiahe Culture (4.4 — 4.0 ka BP), a remarkable decline in pollen concentration and plant types, as well as an increase of herbaceous pollen, especially Gramineae, suggest forest destruction and large-scale agriculture activities. The continuous decline of TOC, TN and C/N indicate the cool and drought climate. It is reasonable to conclude that the site has changed into residential place in this period, with higher magnetic susceptibility for an increasingly intensified human interference. During this period, with the drying of lakes, rivers and groundwater, the defense function of the Shijiahe ancient city vanished. Therefore, the Shijiahe ancient city site was abandoned. Discussion Abrupt climatic change around 4.2 ka BP hindered the development of local primitive agriculture and fishing industry. Then the ancient Huaxia tribe launched war for the resource (named with the legendary Yu Zheng Sanmiao War). The Shijiahe Culture (the Shijiahe Culture belongs to the Sanmiao tribe) deteriorated after the war. The flood event layers in the Zhongqiao Neolithic Site and the resultant social crises illustrate that extreme events (flood, extreme drought etc.) are linked to the climate transformation. Conclusions The natural geographical environment was an important factor for the ancient cultural prosperity and decline. Extreme events related to the 4.2 ka BP climate transformation are an important environmental factor of the Shijiahe Culture decline and an important element inducing the war between Huaxia group and Sanmiao tribe. Recommendations and perspectives An understanding of past human-nature interaction has meaningful implications both for the exploration of long-term human culture and agriculture, and for better assessing current environmental dynamics in the longer-term human-environment history. |
| Key words: Jianghan Plain Tanjialing Site Shijiahe Culture environmental archaeology |
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